Donis Casey is the author
of the award-winning Alafair Tucker Mystery series, featuring the sleuthing
mother of ten children. The series is set in Oklahoma and Arizona during the
booming 1910s. Today Donis stops by to tell us a bit about how women cleaned
their homes back before all those cleaning products that now line the supermarket
shelves were available. Want to save money? Give some of these a try. Learn more about Donis and her books at her website.
Keeping It Clean
Imagine this:
It’s 1915 and you are a
forty-year-old married woman who lives on a farm in rural eastern Oklahoma, in
a one thousand square foot house with two bedrooms. You have ten children,
ranging in age from two to twenty-four, to feed, clothe, and educate, not to
mention animals and crops to care for and very little money.
In the spring and summer,
and most of the autumn, every unscreened window and door in the house is open,
and the husband and kids and their dogs and whatever other wildlife that take a
notion, troop in and out at will.
There is no such thing as a
supermarket, and even if there were, there is no Lemon Pledge, Tide laundry
detergent, Mop ‘n’ Glo, Mr. Clean, Tilex, or Shout--or vacuum cleaners. Not
that you could use one since you have no electricity, or indoor plumbing for
that matter.
How on earth do you keep
things clean, sanitary, and pest-free?
This is the fight that my
sleuth, Alafair Tucker, wages every day of her life. It wasn’t so long ago that
housekeeping was a full-time profession and required years of training and
immense skill, not just in dusting, scrubbing, and sweeping, but in making your
own cleaning products from scratch and knowing just when and how to use them.
My own grandparents lived
on a subsistence farm in Oklahoma when I was growing up. I witnessed my
grandmother washing clothes in an iron kettle over a fire in her back yard.
She’d stir the clothes and linens around in the boiling cauldron with a
sawed-off broom handle, transfer them to a tub of clean rinse-water, then
carefully wring them out to hang on the line or drape over bushes. After she
was done, she used the wash water to scrub down the back porch.
Until I began writing about
the daily one-foot-in-front-of-the-other details of farm life, it didn’t occur
to me to wonder what she used for detergent, or starch, or bleach. In fact, she
made her own soap. She had a contraption called a “leach” made of boards with
slits in the bottom that she filled with slaked lime, wood ash, and boiling
water. The resulting liquid that dripped through the slits into a tub was lye.
She used straight lye in water to scrub down the outhouse twice a day. She
boiled up a portion of the lye water with fat and washing soda, which hardened
and made soap. She shaved bits of the lye soap into the laundry tub to wash her
clothes.
I do a lot of traditional
research. But many of the details of Alafair’s life on the farm, such as using
kerosene-soaked corn cobs to start a fire, I learned from my mother, who
grew up on a farm during the Depression. I keep a notebook and file full of
information that I read up on as I need it. I know how to do laundry in an iron
kettle, how to make household cleaning products, how to grow and put up
vegetables, and how to slaughter a hog and preserve every last bit of the
carcass. Not that I need to, thank goodness, but I know how it’s done.
Aside from my own memory
and the memories of many of my older relatives, much of my information comes
from reprints of the original books and pamphlets on housewifery that were rife
in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. My two favorite references are a
1983 reprint of The Original White House Cookbook, first published
in 1887, and a gorgeous copy of Housekeeping in Old Virginia,1879, which
was given to me by Margaret Maron, whose country background is similar to mine.
Before the dawn of Dawn and
other commercially made cleaning products, here is what every well-equipped
American housewife had in her larder—
~A bottle of liquid
ammonia. A few drops in water could wash windows, clean silver, get the grease
off dishes, whiten the laundry, wash the walls, and remove stains.
~A box of powdered alum.
Dissolved in water and applied boiling hot to bedsteads, cracks and crevices in
floors and walls, alum would repel any bug you’d like to name.
~Borax powder, which is a
great cleaner, but also softens laundry, repels insects, and you can use it to
wash your hair.
~A big jug of vinegar with the
“mother” (the lees floating at the bottom of the jar), for cleaning and
disinfecting as well as adding a spark to a dish of turnip greens. My
grandmother would scrub down all the surfaces in her house with hot vinegar
when there was sickness in the family.
~A bottle of turpentine.
Our foremothers used turpentine for things that would now be considered
shocking and dangerous, such as medicine for a sore throat or to clean wounds.
But it was also useful as an ingredient in cleansers. Mix a little turpentine
oil with lampblack and polish your shoes. A cupful in a tub of cold water sets
dark-colored dyes in clothing. Rub down your bedsteads with turpentine every
spring to repel bedbugs. Just don’t smoke in bed afterwards.
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I do test some of these
cleaning products before I write about them, if I can obtain the ingredients
and don’t think I’ll poison myself. One very common recipe I’ve come across is
for a furniture cleaner. It consists of one part linseed oil, one part vinegar,
and one part turpentine. I have an ancient mahogany side table, worse for wear,
that I inherited from my mother. It’s all scratched up from many years in homes
with kids, so I decided that it couldn’t be hurt much more if I used it to
experiment with the homemade furniture cleaner. I didn’t have any turpentine in
the house and I probably wouldn’t have used it if I had. So I just mixed up a
little oil and vinegar and gave the table a good rub. It wasn’t a miracle, but
to my amazement, the table looks much better than it does when I polish it with
Pledge. And I had enough furniture cleaner left over to dress a salad.
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Hell With the Lid Blown Off
In
the summer of 1916, a big twister brings destruction to the land around Boynton,
OK. Alafair Tucker’s family and neighbors are not spared the ruin and
grief spread by the storm. But no one is going to mourn for Jubal Beldon,
who made it his business to know the ugly secrets of everyone in town. It
doesn’t matter if Jubal’s insinuations are true or not. In a small town like
Boynton, rumor is as damaging as fact.
But
as Mr. Lee the undertaker does his grim duty for the storm victims, he
discovers that even in death Jubal isn’t going to leave his neighbors in peace.
He was already dead when the tornado carried his body to the middle of a
fallow field. Had he died in an accident or had he been murdered by someone
whose secret he had threatened to expose? There are dozens of people who would
have been happy to do the deed, including members of Jubal’s own family.
As
Sheriff Scott Tucker and his deputy Trenton Calder look into the circumstances
surrounding Jubal’s demise, it begins to look like the prime suspect may be
someone very dear to the widow Beckie MacKenzie, the beloved music teacher and
mentor of Alafair’s daughter Ruth. Ruth fears that the secrets exposed by
the investigation are going to cause more damage to her friend’s life than the
tornado. Alafair has her own suspicions about how Jubal Beldon came to die, and
the reason may hit very close to home.
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